Current Drinking Water Regulations.


Under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), EPA sets legal limits on the levels of certain contaminants in drinking water. The legal limits reflect both the level that protects human health and the level that water systems can achieve using the best available technology. Besides prescribing these legal limits, EPA rules set water-testing schedules and methods that water systems must follow. The rules also list acceptable techniques for treating contaminated water. SDWA gives individual states the opportunity to set and enforce their own drinking water standards if the standards are at least as strong as EPA's national standards. Most states and territories directly oversee the water systems within their borders...{ Read More }

Is bottled water safer than tap water?

Bottled water is not necessarily safer than your tap water. EPA sets standards for tap water provided by public water systems; the Food and Drug Administration sets bottled water standards based on EPA’s tap water standards. Bottled water and tap water are both safe to drink if they meet these standards, although people with severely compromised immune systems and children may have special needs. Some bottled water is treated more than tap water, while some is treated less or not treated at all. Bottled water costs much more than tap water on a per gallon basis. Bottled water is valuable in emergency situations (such as floods and earthquakes), and high quality bottled water may be a desirable option for people with weakened immune systems. Consumers who choose to purchase bottled water should carefully read its label to understand what they are buying, whether it is a better taste, or a certain method of treatment. More information on bottled water is available from the International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) (www.bottledwater.org/), which represents most US bottlers....

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Water
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Water Exploration

Ground Water Propecting :
Exploitation of groundwater resources is well estimated in India. Wells have long been catering to the domestic water needs. The groundwater is ubiquitous, most dependable and obviates the need for costly transport systems. The structure can be put to use with ease and speed. More than 85% of rural drinking water needs and about 50% urban water supplies are contributed through grounwater. The prospecting of ground water has so far been based on an adhoc methodology.
Advances in scientific knowledge on the existence of groundwater resources have led to savings in terms of time, effort and money.
The modern scientific approach mainly employs the study of resistivity contrast and density contrast to delineate water bearing underground geologic structures. The resistivity survey is based on the principle that water alters the electrical resistivity and enhances the pattern of electric current flow. Data on earth’s resistivity and spontaneous polarisation potential is used in water prospecting. The charges in electrical resistivity trast method, the travel time of seismic waves between two locations is interpreted. This method is useful for multi-layered rock sequence of sufficient thickness.....{ Read More..}

STATUS OF W.T P. IN INDIA

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Preamble
Water is a precious commodity. Most of the earth water is sea water. About
2.5% of the water is fresh water that does not contain significant levels of
dissolved minerals or salt and two third of that is frozen in ice caps and
glaciers. In total only 0.01% of the total water of the planet is accessible for
consumption. Clean drinking water is a basic human need. Unfortunately, more
than one in six people still lack reliable access to this precious resource in
developing world.
India accounts for 2.45% of land area and 4% of water resources of the world
but represents 16% of the world population. With the present population
growth-rate (1.9 per cent per year), the population is expected to cross the 1.5
billion mark by 2050. The Planning Commission, Government of India has
estimated the water demand increase from 710 BCM (Billion Cubic Meters) in
2010 to almost 1180 BCM in 2050 with domestic and industrial water
consumption expected to increase almost 2.5 times. The trend of urbanization
in India is exerting stress on civic authorities to provide basic requirement such
as safe drinking water, sanitation and infrastructure. The rapid growth of
population has exerted the portable water demand, which requires exploration
of raw water sources, developing treatment and distribution systems.
The raw water quality available in India varies significantly, resulting in
modifications to the conventional water treatment scheme consisting of
aeration, chemical coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and
disinfection. The backwash water and sludge generation from water treatment
plants are of environment concern in terms of disposal. Therefore, optimization
of chemical dosing and filter runs carries importance to reduce the rejects from
the water treatment plants. Also there is a need to study the water treatment
plants for their operational status and to explore the best feasible mechanism to
ensure proper drinking water production with least possible rejects and its
management. With this backdrop, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB),
studied water treatment plants located across the country, for prevailing raw
water quality, water treatment technologies, operational practices, chemical
consumption and rejects management.

This document presents study findings and views for better management of

water treatment plants....{ Read More }....

Process Mineral Water Treatment Plant


Process Mineral Water Treatment Plant:
Though BIS has set a wide range of parameters to confirm to BIS-13428: 2004, and BIS : 14543:2004, a palatable and safe water poses a big challenge for water treatment professionals due to varied parameters of bore-well across India, since these are the major source of raw water for the industry.
There is various equipment / filters like sand bed filter, Activated carbon Filters, micron filtration, Reverse Osmosis, Ozonation, Ultra Violet, water testing labs and bottle , filling and pet Blowing Machine these are generally used in combination to process the water.
 
The water treatment plant focuses on the removal of microbial contaminants that cause typhoid, dysentery, and cholera epidemics. The treatment results in offering the consumer with absolutely safe ad pure drinking water.

TECHNICAL DATA

TECHNICAL DATA:
RAW WATER STORAGE TANK: (RWST)
Raw water is required in for storage of chlorinated water having appropriate capacity. The tank is fitted with PVC pipe work & isolation valves and suitable type of level indicator.
RAW WATER SUPPLY PUMP: (RWP)
A Horizontal Centrifugal type of pump in Stainless Steel construction has been provided for supplying Raw Water to Pressure Sand Filter Unit. Necessary Suction / discharge pipe work in SS construction with isolation valves are also provided up to PSF Unit.
PRESSURE SAND FILTER: (PSF)
Raw Water is first filtered by filtration unit in series prior feeding R.O. Plant. Pressure Sand Filter Unit is provided for removal of suspended matters & turbidity from raw water. PSF Unit is a SS vertical Pressure Vessel. Internally, it is fitted with bottom collecting system. Uniform grades silica quartz sand is charged on the supporting media of pebbles and gravels. This unit is fitted with SS frontal pipe work and Multiport Valve externally. During service cycle water is passed in down ward direction through sand bed, thus entrapping suspended matter & turbid particles. Over a period of time, sand bed gets chocked due to suspended matters resulting higher pressure drop and lesser floe. At this stage filter bed need to be backwashed.
When pressure drop across the sand bed increases beyond the specified limit (0.5 kg/cm^2) or quality of filtered water determinates, whichever is earlier. Regeneration involves backwash & rinsing of Sand Bed as below. For backwashing service water is passed in reverse direction of service cycle to loosen the filtering media bed. Due to this, entrapped suspended matters get free and come out along with effluent water. Backwashing is continued for about 10- 15 minutes or till the effluent coming out is clear.
For Rinsing of Sand Bed: Service water is passed in down ward direction to settle down the sand bed. The effluent water is drained for about 5 minutes time to ensure all unclear water is drained down.
ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER: (ACF)
Natural water may contain Colour, Odour, and Chlorine & Organics in different proportion, which is undesirable for potable application, and hence, it is necessary to remove the same from water. If raw water is chlorinated for die-infection, it is necessary to remove the free Chlorine feeding to R.O System. Chlorine being a strong oxidizing agent, it damages R.O. Membranes. Activated Carbon can remove Chlorine, Odour, & Colour while passing the water through carbon bed along with Odour & colour. These Carbon granules having larger surface area and specific property to absorb organics. ACF Unit is a FRP vertical pressure vessel. Internally it is fitted with strainer on bottom collecting system. The unit is fitted with SS frontal pipe work & MPV externally. A granular activated carbon is charged on the supporting media of Coarse & Fine Silex. During service cycle water is passed in down ward direction through Carbon Bed, which removes Chlorine & Odour from water.
When pressure drop across the Carbon Bed increased beyond the specified limit of (0.8 kg/cm^2) or quality of filter water deteriorates, whichever is earlier the unit is isolated for regeneration. The regeneration involves backwashing & rinsing of Carbon Bed. Over a period of time, life of carbon gets exhausted which can be checked during laboratory testing. Particularly iodine value is most important for this application. Generally carbon is replaced once in a year.
SMBS DOSING SYSTEM: (SMBS)
The Chlorinated water may oxidize the membrane and to avoid the same precautionary we have provided Sodium Meta Bisulphate dosing system Dosage rate is 4-5 mg/liter. A HDPE chemical preparation tank with an electronics diaphragm type dosing pump is provided for this.
ANTI SCALENT DOSING: (ANTI SCALENT)
The hardness salts of calcium & magnesium are likely to be precipitated if concentration exceeds its solubility limit & it may faults the membranes resulting into scaling which ultimately leads to poor treated water quality from R.O. System. To prevent this a anti Scalent dosing (scale inhibitor) dosing system is provided. Normally a scale inhabitation like Perma care 191 or equivalent chemical is dosed in feed water. Dosage rate is 4-5 mg/liter. A HDPE chemical preparation tank with an electronics diaphragm type dosing pump is provided for this.
MICRON CARTRIDGE FILTER: (MCF)
This kind of Micron Cartridge Filter having Series of filtration with the 20 Micron , 10 Micron , 5 Micron , 1 Micron , 0.45 Micron & 0.2 Micron Nominal & Absolute Micron Cartridge. This is a Consumable Cartridge and should replace it after Days of operation. This for Extra Safety of your Product water as it comes through the followed filtration and there are some chances to slippages for any particles which can be stop through the Cartridge also 1 , 0.45 , 0.2 micron cartridge filter will also take care of Bacteriological growth up to 0.2 micron.
HIGH PRESSURE PUMP: (HPP)
For Reverse Osmosis Process to take place feed pressure of water need to be raised. For this purpose a Vertical Multistage Centrifugal High Pressure Pump in S.S construction is provided R.O. System requires operating pressure of about 14-16 kg/cm^2 . High-pressure pump is fitted with S.S. discharge pipe work with necessary control valves. Necessary instruments like a High Pressure Switch, Pressure Gauge and recirculation valves are provided for safer operation of system
REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM: (ROM)
Reverse Osmosis System rejects 97 – 99% of total dissolved solids by the principle of `Osmosis’. This system consists of a R.O. Module assembly mounted on S.S. Skid. High pressure rating FRP Pressure Vessel is fitted on the skid which houses spirally wound membrane elements in series.
In RO System feed soften water is divided into two streams viz Product & Reject water. Product water is treated water having lesser TDS. Reject water is highly concentrated water, which is not to be used for any purpose but drained. Feed water at elevated pressure is first fed to first Pressure Vessel; treated water is collected in center core tube. Treated water from each membrane is collected jointly in a common product water storage tank and reject is drained.
For safe operation of system following instruments are provide on Panel.
· Feed & Reject Pressure Gauge to indicate respective pressure of R.O. System.
· Feed & Reject Flow Indicator to indicate respective flow of R.O. System.
· T.D.S Meter to measure TDS of Raw & Treated water.
· High Pressure Switch for tripping high pressure pump in case of excessive feed pressure of R.O. System.
· Time Totaliser for counting working hours of H.P Pump/ R.O. System
PRODUCT WATER STORAGE TANK: (PWST)
One No. of Treated water from R.O. System is stored in a supplied S.S. constructed storage tank of appropriate capacity. The tank is fitted with S.S. pipe work & isolation valves and suitable type of level indicator. One no. of transfer pump is provided in S.S. material of construction to feed the water in MCF.
MICRON CARTRIDGE FILTER – II & III: (MCF)
During storage, atmospheric or any other contamination may take place in treated water. Hence, after passing water from R.O. System, water is once again passed through a micron cartridge filter. This is a S.S.316 Vessel fitted internally with P.P spun micron cartridge elements having absolute ratings of 1.0 micron & 0.2 microns which removes all bacterial impurities present in the water and make the water free of particulates.
ULTRA VIOLET STERILIZER: (UVS)
Through R.O. treated water is free from all the micro-biological impurities like Bacteria, Virus, etc. it may redevelop again in water during prolonged storage. For disinfection of water is essential for Reverse Osmosis Application before Filling & Sealing in bottle. Hence, a online Ultra Violet Sterilizer is provided for disinfection of R.O. treated water before filling in pre-cleaned PET Bottles. The water to be disinfected is passed through U.V. System, which consists of U.V. Tubes which radiates high intensity Ultra Violet Rays, which in turn kills the micro organisms. This system consists of a S.S finished surface housing with Ultraviolet Lamps fitted in it. The water to be treated is surroundings this tubes during treatment. An electrical systems is provided for production of high voltage required for U.V. Rays generation
OZONE GENERATOR: (OZONE)
Though R.O. System rejects all the micro – organisms like bacterial & virus and even after passing through U.V. System it may redevelop in packed bottles over a period of time. Hence, it is necessary to disinfect R.O. Product water prior to bottling filling. This is very much essential to ensure good Mineral Water Quality as per the standards. This Ozone Generator will give your water Oxygen Rich water and remove the Bacteriological growth and also provide you the Shelf Life of your Packed Bottle water unless it opens for some period of time. Also this Ozonation of water can add some taste in to your treated water.
OZONE RE-CIRCULATING TANK: (ORT)
For required PPM Ozone gas mix up in finish product water. In ozone re-circulating tank water re-circulating by required flow rate pump. Ventury of ozone install out let of Pump it suction ozone and mix-up help with static mixer. This tank is provided with one no. of re-circulating pump and one no. of product water transfer pump to the filling section.